Substrates
The substrates of the Llanos region of the Orinoco basin include various combinations of peat, mud, fine sand, and clay. Colors include black, brown, red, or white. Fallen branches, roots, leaf litter, and palm fronds are common.
Aquatic Plants
Here is a list of commonly found aquatic plants that may be found in the region. I assembled this list using a highly trustworthy source. Yes, that's right, the Internet.
Common Amazon Sword (Echinodorus amazonicus)
Pygmy Chain Sword (Echinodorus tenellus)
Anacharis (Egeria densa)
Pennywort (Hydrocotyle leucocephala)
Pipewort (Eriocaulon sp.)
Variable Leaf Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia diversifolia)
Red Hygrophila (Alternanthera reinecki)
Hornwort (Ceratophyllum submersum)
Water Millfoil (Myriophyllum elatinoides)
Vallisneria spiralis
Eichhornia crassipes
Eichhornia azurea
Pistia stratiotes
Thalia geniculata
Salvinia sp.
Ipomoea sp.
Eleocharis sp.
Cyperus sp.
Cabomba sp.
Ludwigia sp.
Utricularia sp.
Heteranthera sp.
Sagittaria sp.
Note that several of these are likely non-native and/or invasive.
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